Plants compose compound with antimicrobial, antifungal properties that can be used to protect plant from pathogens causing disease. Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) is a medicinal and an aromatic herb. The major component of essential oil (EO) of Hyssopus officinalis are pinocamphone, isopinocamphone and α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, linalool, 1,8-cineole and β-caryophyllene (Fraternale et al., 2004; Letessier et al., 2013; Sharifi-Rad et al., 2022). The major difference in the composition of the oils were detected in the ratio pinocamphone/isopinocamphone, in the percentage of linalool and camphor (Fraternale et al., 2004). Pinocamphone and isopinocamphone are present in H. officinalis but are lacking in H. officinalis L. var. decumbense where linalool, 1,8-cineole and limonene are predominant (Mazzanti et al., 1998). The effect of EO of H. officinalis on cell wall of the growing hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus showed reduction in levels of neutral sugars, uronic acid and proteins, while amino sugars, lipids and phosphorus levels increased (Ghfir et al., 1997). Hyssop essential oil has low antioxidant and strong antimicrobial activity against a few test organisms (Kizil et al., 2010). Essential oils from Juniperus communis L., Hyssopus officinalis L., and Thymus vulgaris control carrot seed-borne pathogen Alternaria spp. (Lukosiute et al., 2021).
H. officinalis essential oil display antioxidant and antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms (Moulodi et al., 2019). The H. officinalis EO possess high antimicrobial activities in vitro against Klebsiella sp. and Erwinia amylovora plant pathogens and can be used in control of plant disease (Dehghanzadeh et al., 2012). The effect of H. officinalis var. decumbens was bactericidal, linalool and 1,8-Cineole exhibits high antimicrobial activity of var. decumbens as compared to H. officinalis, while limonene displayed antimycotic action which is present in both oils (Mazzanti et al., 1998). The biocidal (nematicidal, ixodicidal, phytotoxic and insecticidal) effect of industrial steam distilled essential oil from H. officinalis was strongly active against insect Spodoptera littoralis (Ortiz de Elguea-Culebras et al., 2017). H. officinalis showed minimum inhibitory concentration of 4000 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and 2000 µg/mL against Salmonella abony and Escherichia coli respectively (Stappen et al., 2015). Hyssop essential oil has bacteriostatic activity (Marino et al., 2001). Light and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation of hyphae of Botrytis cinerea exposed to essential oils revealed alteration in hyphal morphology such as degeneration of fungal hyphae, shrivelled hyphal aggregates, reduced hyphal diameter and lysis of hyphal wall compared with thick elongated normal mycelial growth in controls (Soylu et al.,2010). The essential oil of H. officinalis is used as a potential antifungal agent in controlling of pathogenic disease caused by Mycogone perniciosa in mushroom species Agaricus bisporus Lange (Imb) (Glamoclija et al., 2005). Past studies has been made on medicinal and aromatic plant as biocontrol system are not much used in mushroom cultivation (Raila et al., 2009; Fathiazad and Hamedeyazdan 2011).
Hyssop oil exhibits antifungal and antibacterial activity and are used against many plant diseases for example potato’s late blight (Hristova et al., 2015, Judzantiene 2016). The mycelial growth of plant pathogenic fungi Pyrenophora avenae and Pyricularia oryzae was completely inhibited by 0.4% hyssop oil. As well as hyssop oil reduced growth of Botrytis fabae conidia and uredospores of Uromyces viciae-fabae (Letessier et al., 2013). 0.05% of hyssop oil reduced rust infection of broad bean when applied on first, second or third day before or one or two days after inoculation (Letessier et al., 2013). The oil showed antifungal activity against 13 strains of phytopathogenic fungi (Fraternale et al., 2004). Linalool has bacteriostatic activity at high concentration (50% and 100%) (Stan et al., 2022). Plant extract of H. officinalis completely controlled mycelial growth and sporulation of Botrytis cinerea (Sesan et al., 2015). The anticandidal action of hyssop oil may be due to increase in yeast membrane permeability and disrupting the normal membrane transport by affecting membrane ATPase (Hristova et al., 2015). Effect of H. officinalis essential oil on Aspergillus fumigatus induced alteration in the proportion of fatty acids, neutral lipid and phospholipid fractions. The lipids and sterols were reduced whereas total phospholipid increased (Ghfir et al., 1994).
The essential oils are a mixture of biologically active molecules and can be an alternative to toxic chemicals
References:
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